Selected Technical Aspects of Tu-154M Smolensk Air Crash on April 10, 2010
Ключевые слова:
Aircraft, collision, comparative analysis, crash, DC-7, electric equipment, electric power system, explosion, failure, fuel-air mixture, fuel tank, full-scale test, investigation after crash, LC-1649, synchronous generator, Tu-154M, wing, wiringАннотация
This is a collection of reports that consists of three parts. The author is a Professor of Power Electrical Engineering, so he focuses on the Tu-154M power electric system and all aspects of the air crash that relate to electrical equipment and wiring.
Part I discusses the electric power system of the Tu-154M. After brief introduction to aircraft electric power systems, the results of reverse design and analysis of GT40PCh6 wound-field synchronous generator including short circuit have been presented. An example of failure of GT40PCh6 generator is the fire of the Tu-154B-2 on January 1, 2011 before taking off at Surgut airport (flight 7K348). Guidelines for proper investigation of aircraft electric equipment and wiring after crash have been given. There is no evidence of examination of most electrical equipment of the Tu-154M No 101 after crash on April 10, 2010. It is now extremely difficult to determine, if the electric power system of the Tu-154M No 101 was operating correctly in the last seconds of the flight, or not.
Part II analyzes the fuel system and possibility of explosion of fuel-air mixture as a result of static electricity and/or arcing in the left wing outer fuel tank of the Tu-154M No 101. Examples of explosions of fuel tanks (Boeing 747-131 TWA 800 on June 17, 1996 and Boeing 727-200 at Bangalore Airport on May 4, 2006) have been discussed. Although probability of explosion of fuel-air mixture in the left wing outer tank due to static electricity, electric short circuit or arcing is low, this problem should be carefully considered in future examination of the wreckage and remaining electrical wiring and equipment.
Part III describes a comparative analysis of full-scale dynamic crash test of Douglas DC-7, full-scale dynamic crash test of Lockheed Constellation 1649 and hypothetical collision of the Tu-154M No 101 with birch tree. The analysis pertains to the technical data of the DC-7, LC-1649 and Tu-154M airliners, differences in their construction and conditions of collision/impact.
Библиографические ссылки
[1] Binienda, W.K. 2011. Dynamic analysis of the Polish governmental plane crash in Smolensk, Russia, on April 10, 2010. University of Akron, last updated November 25, 2011, http://www.ecgf.uakron.edu/civil/people/binienda/Parlament%20November%202011%20-%20English.pdf
[2] Binienda, W.K. 2012. Analysis of destruction of the Polish governmental aircraft Tu-154M in Smolensk on April 10, 2010 (in Polish). Smolensk Conference, Warsaw, http://obserwator.com/files/files/Smolensk Conference2012 WKB polski short.pdf
[3] Bjerketvedt, D., J.R. Bakke, van Wingerden, K. 1993. Gas explosion handbook, electronic book, Christian Michelsen Research. 221 pages. http://www.gexcon.com/handbook/GEXHBcontents.htm
[4] Bocchieri, R. T., MacNeill, R., Navarro-Northrup C., Dierdorf, D.S. 2010. Crash Simulation of Transport Aircraft for Predicting Fuel Release, FAA Worldwide Techn. Transfer Conf. Atlantic City, NJ.
[5] Bocchieri, R.T., MAcNeill, R.M., Northrup, C.N. 2012. Dierdorf, D.S. 2012. First phase-simulation of the Lockheed Constellation model L-1649 full-scale crash test, Report DOT/FAA/TC-12/43, U.S. Department of Transportation, FAA, Atlantic City, NJ.
[6] Britton, S.C.G. 2010. Little Rock Air Force Base, Photograph No 100716-F-7087B-031.jpg posted August 8, 2010, http://www.littlerock.af.mil/shared/media/photodb/photos/100716-F-7087B-031.jpg
[7] Cieszewski, C.J. 2012. Assessment of wood properties for the birch samples from Poland, USA, and Smolensk using NIR spectroscopy and SilviScan, Smolensk Conference, Warsaw.
[8] Cieszewski, C.J. 2012. Micro-detail comparative forest site analysis using high-resolution satellite imagery, Smolensk Conference, Warsaw.
[9] Cieszewski, C.J., F. Antony, P. Bettinger, J. Dahlen, R.C. Lowe, M. Strub. 2013. Wood quality assessment of tree trunk from the tree branch sample and auxiliary data based on NIR Spectroscopy and SilviScan. Math. Comput. For. Nat.-Res. Sci. (MCFNS), 5(1): 86-111. Last accessed online on Mar. 30, 2013, at: http://mcfns.com.
[10] Cieszewski, C.J., R.C. Lowe, P. Bettinger, A. Kumar. 2013. Micro-detail comparative forest site analysis using high-resolution satellite imagery. Math. Comput. For. Nat.-Res. Sci. (MCFNS), 5(1):16-37. Last accessed online on Mar. 30, 2013, at: http://mcfns.com.
[11] Clifford, D.W. 1980. Aircraft mishap experience from atmospheric electricity hazards, atmospheric electricity-aircraft interaction. NATO AGARD-LS-110, National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA, 22161.
[12] Collision With Trees on Final Approach Federal Express Flight 1478 Boeing 727-232F, N497FE, Tallahassee, Florida, July 26, 2002, NTSB, Report NTSB/AAR-04/02, PB2004-910402, Washington DC. 2004.
[13] Committee for Investigation of National Aviation Accidents KBWL. 2011. Final Report on the examination of the aviation accident no 192/2010/11 involving the Tu-154M airplane, tail number 101, which occurred on April 10th, 2010 in the area of the Smolensk North airfield, Warsaw (In Polish).
[14] Committee for Investigation of National Aviation Accidents KBWL. 2011. Description and analusis of on-board systems of the Tu-154M No 101. Annexure Nr 2 to Final Report [13], Warsaw, (In Polish).
[15] Committee for Investigation of National Aviation Accidents KBWL. 2011. Flight technology and its utilization. Annexure Nr 4 to Final Report [13], Warsaw, (In Polish).
[16] Committee for Investigation of National Aviation Accidents KBWL. 2011. Description of damage to aircraft. Annexure Nr 5 to Final Report [13], Warsaw, (In Polish).
[17] Czachor, M. 2012. Crash tests on Douglas DC-7 and Lockheed Constellation versus Tu-154M Smolensk crash, Smolensk Conference, Warsaw.
[18] Ellis, G. 1984. Air crash investigation of general aviation aircraft, Capstan Publications, Greybull, WY, 1984.
[19] Gaiderov, S.S. 2000. Electrical equipment of aircraft Tu-154B(M). Rilsk Aviation College of Technology, Rilsk. (In Russian)
[20] Gieras, J.F. 2012. Evaluation, investigation techniques and possibility of malfunction of electric system of Tu-154M, Smolensk Conference, Warsaw.
[21] Gieras, J.F. 2012. Hypothesis of explosion in the left wing outer fuel tank of Tu-154M due to electrical ignition of fuel-air mixture, Smolensk Conference, Warsaw.
[22] Gieras, J.F. 2012. Full-scale crash dynamic tests of DC-7 and LC-1649 versus hypothetical collision of Tu-154M with birch tree, Smolensk Conference, Warsaw.
[23] Gieras, J.F. 2008. Advancements in electrical machines, Springer, London-Dordrecht-Boston.
[24] Hallquist, J.O. 2006. LS-DYNA theory manual, Livermore Software Technology Corporation, Livermore, CA.
[25] Hemighaus, G., Boval, T., Bacha, J., Barnes, F., Franklin, M., Gibbs, L., Hogue, N., Jones, J., Lesnini, D., Lind, J., Morris, J. 2006. Chevron Aviation Fuels Technical Review (FTR-6). Chevron Corporation, p 24. http://www.cgabusinessdesk.com
[26] Hibbeler, R.C. 1993. Statics and mechanics of materials, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
[27] Hill, R., W.J. Hughes (Editors). 1998. A review of flammability hazard of Jet A fuel vapor in civil transport aircraft fuel tanks. Report DOT/FAA/AR-98/26, US Dept of Transp., Springfield, VA.
[28] Hummel, F., Krohn, P., Ferguson, B., Ardila, R. 2010. TAWS data extraction for NTSB identification: ENG10SA025 original, Universal Avionics Systems Corporation, Redmond, WA.
[29] Interstate Aviation Committee (MAK). 2011. Final Report on the investigation of air accident of Tu154M registration number 101 of the Republic of Poland. Moscow. www.mak.ru/english/english.html
[30] Interstate Aviation Committee (MAK). 2011a. Final Report on results of investigation of aviation accident involving the Tu-154B-2, tail number RA-85588, airport Surgut, on January 1, 2011. (In Russian)
[31] Kommisarov, D. 2007. Tupolev Tu-154. The USSR's medium-range jet airliner. Aeropax, - Ian Allan Publishing, Hersham, UK.
[32] Kosvic, T.C., L.B., Zung, M. Gersten. 1971. Analysis of fuel tank fire and explosion hazards. Technical Report AFAPL-TR-71-7. Air Force Propulsion Laboratory, WPAFB, Ohio.
[33] Leonard, J.T. 1981. Generation of electrostatic charge in fuel handling systems: a literature survey. NRL Report Nr 8484, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC.
[34] Lilley, S. 2011. System failure case studies in the sky. NASA, Safety Center, January 2011, http://pmba.nasa.gov
[35] Moir, I., A. Seabridge. 2008. Aircraft systemes: mechanical, electrical and avionics subsystems integration. 3rd ed. J. Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
[36] NASA Safety Center. 2011. System failure case studies – fire in the sky. http://pbma.nasa.gov
[37] Nestor, L.J. 1967. Investigation of turbine fuel flammability within aircraft fuel tanks. Naval Air Propulsion Center, Philadelphia, PA, Raport No DS-67-7.
[38] Nowaczyk K. 2011. Are the IAC (MAK) and CIAA (KBWL) raports creadible? (in Polish), Power point presentation http://smolenskcrash.com/smol conf/dane/NowaczykWizualizacja-2.pdf
[39] Nowaczyk, K. 2012. Analysis of records of TAWS and FMS (Universal Avionics System Corporation) installed in Polish governmental aircraft Tu-154M No. 101 (in Polish) Smolensk Conference, Warsaw.
[40] Reed, W.H., S.H. Robertson, L.W.T. Weinberg, L.H. Tyndall. 1965. Full-scale dynamic crash test of a Douglas DC-7 aircraft. Technical report FAA-ADS-37, Aviation Safety Engineering and Research, Phoenix, AZ.
[41] Reed, W.H., S.H. Robertson, L.W.T. Weinberg, L.H. Tyndall. 1965. Full-scale dynamic crash test of a Lockheed Constellation model 1649 aircraft. Technical report FAA-ADS-38, Aviation Safety Engineering and Research, Phoenix, AZ.
[42] Shepard, J.E., J.C. Krok, J.J. Lee. 1977. Jet A explosion experiments: laboratory testing. California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA.
[43] Slensky, G. 2010. Aircraft wiring system integrity initiatives. AFRL, WPAFB, Dayton, OH, http://wire.nasa.gov
[44] Soshin, V.M. (Editor). 2005. Aircraft Tu-154M, book 2, ed. Samara State Aerospace University, Samara.
[45] Szuladzinski, G. 2012. Some mechanical and structural aspects of the Smolensk air crash. Raport No 456, Version 6, Analytical Service Pty Ltd, Northbridge, Australia.
[46] The lucky Tu-154, English Russia, November 4, 2011, http://goryachev.livejournal.com/38422.html
[47] Tomlinson, S. 2012. Watch the incredible moment a passenger jet is crashed .... MailOnLine, April 30, 2012, article No 2137327, http://www.dailymail.co.uk
[48] Tu-154. Catalogue of parts and compilation of units. Chapter 27: Control, in Russian, Avia-Media, 1984, updated 2003.
[49] Tu-154B. User's and technical service manual, in Russian, Book 7, Part 1. Electric equipment, in Russian, Aviakor, Samara, 1994.
[50] Tu-154M. User's technical guidance, Chpt. 28. Fuel system.
[51] Update on investigation of airliner tank explosion in India, NTSB, July 12, 2006, http://www.ntsb.gov/news/2006/060712a.htm
[52] Wing of Tu-154 aircraft, in Russian, Virtual cabinet of aircraft construction, http://cnit.ssau.ru/virt lab/krilo/index.htm
[53] Wood R.H., Sweginnis, R.W. 2006. Aircraft accident investigation, 2nd ed., Endeavor Books, Casper, WY.
[54] Znichenko, V.I. 1998. Construction and user manual of Tu-154M aircraft, Federal Air Transport Service of Russia, NLMK, Academy of Civil Aviation, Sankt Petersburg.
Загрузки
Опубликован
Выпуск
Раздел
Лицензия
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:- Authors grant the journal right of first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) following the publication by the journal, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
